This information is provided as a supplement to assist writers with some commonly questioned citations in law review articles.  Although the following citations and suggestions may be used as a guide to help you understand the format required by The Bluebook, this supplemental information should not be the only source you reference for formatting your citation.

Several Important Notes:

►   Thomas Jefferson Legal Writing classes require ALWD citation format.  The Bluebook – A Uniform System of Citation (termed simply “The Bluebook”) is an altogether different method for formatting citations, and is very technical.  The Bluebook is often criticized for emphasizing form over substance because requirements are so meticulous – but it is the standard for legal journals, and it is the format used by the TJSL Law Review.  Therefore, footnotes should meet the formatting requirements as outlined in the Seventeenth Edition of The Bluebook.

►   An easy mistake is to overlook auto-formats of URLs.  Notice that web sites are automatically formatted after the first space entered after the web URL is entered in Word or WordPerfect (the text turns blue creating a hyperlink).  Auto-format style is inappropriate and should be undone (choose Undo from the Edit option on the menu bar, or CTRL-Z to “undo” the just-formatted auto-format).

►   When citing to a web site, use either at or available at preceding the URL. 

·    at – the source is available exclusively online

·    available at – the source is available either online or in print.

►   If the cite referenced is available exclusively online, then you should print the web page cited and have it placed on file with the Law Review (simply print the pages and give to the Notes & Comments Editor).

►   The Bluebook requires citation to the written work if available, with the exception that citation to an online source may be used if access to an online source is easier.  If available in print, cite to both.  Ex:

1.  Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. ch. 1200-1-1 (1999), available at http://www.state.tn.us/sos/rules/1200/1200-            01/1200-01-02.pdf (last modified Sept. 15, 1999).

►   There are three types of fonts used in citations:  regular, italics, and Small Caps.  In Word, to create small caps select the text to be formatted, select Format from the menu bar, then Font.  Then check the Small Caps option under the Font tab.  Small caps is not typing the citation in all caps, but is rather a font modification.  If you do not understand small caps, ask an editor for assistance before submitting a final draft.

►   Get and use the Lexis Nexis CiteCheck software program, which will check citations (and very often given correct LR article titles).  You can download the software free of charge from the Lexis Nexis website.

►   Always check online sources prior to final submission, and then, if you are selected for publication, again just prior to publishing.

►   You should familiarize yourself with all citation format rules.  If you plan to publish, you should consider purchasing a copy of The Bluebook for your own use.  However, there are several copies of The Bluebook available in the library on reserve, as well as a copy in the Law Review staff office.

►   In the citation examples below, the text appears formatted exactly as it should be within the citations of your note or article (if it’s in small font, then it is part of the citation).

Some Citation Examples for Online Sources

If a PDF file displays the information exactly as it appears in written form, then citation to a pinpoint is necessary.  For example:

            1.  New York State Comm’n of Corr., Jail Time Manual: A Handbook for Local Correctional Administrators 2 (May

            1998), available at http://www.scoc.state.ny.us/manuals.htm.

Citing to a list for which the author is providing a summary:

1.  For a list of cities with domestic partner benefits, see Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Partial Summary of Domestic

Partner Registry Listings, at http://www.lambdalegal.org/cgi-bin/iowa/documents/record?record=403 (last visited May 20, 2003).

Citing to a case not yet published, but available online:

             1.  Washington v. Werner, No. 96-8-00197-6, 1998 WL 283537, at *2 (Wash. Ct. App. June 2, 1998).

             2.  Hollins v. Dep’t of Corr., No. 98-5777 (11^th Cir. Oct. 5, 1999) (per curiam), available at

             http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/oct99/98-5777.ord.html.

             3.  Albrecht v. Stanczek, No. 87-C9535, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5088, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 18, 1991).

Short form citation for the above referenced online cases:

1.  Werner, 1998 WL 283537, at *2.

2.  Hollins, 1999 available at http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/oct99/98-5777.ord.html.

            3.  Albrecht, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5088, at *2.

Citing a newspaper from an online source, with author commentary:

1.  The New York Times indicated that Professor Black had published “hundreds of articles,” including law review articles.  Robert D.

McFadden, Charles L. Black, Jr., Constitutional Law Expert Who Wrote on Impeachment, Dies at 85, N.Y. Times, May 8, 2001, at B10.

Citing a non-newspaper article from an online source:

1.  Charles L. Black, Jr., Let Us Rethink Our “Special Relationship” with Israel (1989), available at

http://www.middleeast.org/black (on file with the Columbia Law Review).

Citing to an online journal, or compilation of online articles:  The following cites to the online journal “Slate” – an MSN bulletin board-style compilation of online articles – specifically, an article analyzing United States v. Recio, 12 S.Ct. 819 (2003):

             1.  Neal Katyal, Don’t Gut Conspiracy Laws When We Need Them Most, Slate, Nov. 20, 2002, at http://slate.msn.com/?

             id=2074255 (analyzing Recio).

Citing to an online news source, such as CNN.com, with assessment of the online article and additional information:  For example, the author wrote, “Prosecutors and the Sentencing Commission should provide for sentencing departures in such circumstances.”  The cite is:

             1.  In addition, rewards could be given to individuals who provide information that helps protect law enforcement’s sources and

             methods.  There is some evidence that this, at least, is happening.  See Evan Pressman, FBI Investigating Possible Probe Leak from U.S.

             Attorney’s Office, CNN.com, June 26, 2001, at http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/06/26/usattorney.mobmole/index.html (stating

             that a mafia defendant “in an attempt to win reduced jail time” told the government of “a person associated with the United States

             attorney’s office in the Southern District of New York” who gave the Genovese crime family “two lists of mafia members who were

             about to be indicted”).

If citing general information from a web site’s page, cite the name of the organization, as well as the title of the web page visited.  For example, if citing to a web site promoted by Crime Stoppers of West Central Florida, and the title of the page cited is “How Crime Stoppers Works,” then the cite is:

             1.  Crime Stoppers of W. Cent. Fla., How Crime Stoppers Works at http://www.crimestopperstb.com/crimestoppers_home.htm

             (last visited June 13, 2002).

To cite to a press release by an official government organization, cite as:

             1.  Press Release, U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Department Recovers over $1 Billion in Qui Tam Awards and Settlements

             (Oct. 18, 1995) at http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/Pre_96/October95/542.txt.html.

Some Other Helpful Citation Formats

From a Forward within a book, written by someone other than the book author:

1.  Philip Chase Bobbitt, Forward to Charles L. Black, Jr., A New Birth of Freedom: Human Rights, Named and Unnamed

(1998).

From a Newspaper, quoting from a particular section of the Newspaper:

1.  Charles L. Black, Jr., Why the Senate Shouldn’t Get the Tapes, L.A. Times, Aug. 5, 1973, § 9, at 1.

2.  Michael P. Sheehan, What’s Gone Wrong on S.C.’s Highways, Augusta Chronicle, Apr. 9, 2001, at B10.

A summary of a quote from a poem (here, the writer summarized by writing, “How do we measure Dante’s famous observation that there is no greater pain than to remember happy days in days of sorrow?”  The cite is:

1.  And she to me: “There is no greater pain

than to remember, in our present grief,

past happiness (as well your teacher knows!)”

Dante’s Inferno, canto V, ll.121-123 (Mark Musa trans., Indiana Univ. Press 1971).

Shortening a Title or Name for reference later within the work using “hereinafter”:

             1.  Neal Kumar Katyal, Deterrence’s Difficulty, 95 Mich. L. Rev. 2385, 2441-45, 2458-70 (1997) [hereinafter Katyal, Deterrence’s

             Difficulty].

Citing from a note within a textbook, summarizing the author’s contention with quotes:

             1.  Wayne R. LaFave, Criminal Law 573 & n.66 (3d Ed. 2000) (stating that the crime of conspiracy “exists in virtually all

             jurisdictions” and that “[o]f the modern recodifications, only Alaska’s is without a crime of conspiracy”).

If making an assertion based on two different works, then the citation should instruct the reader to compare the two works.  For example, for the assertion, “…and because the dominant motif in criminal law scholarship has veered too far toward retributivist analysis,” the cite should be:

             1.  Compare, e.g., Steven Shavell, Criminal Law and the Optimal Use of Nonmonetary Sanctions as a Deterrent, 85 Colum. L. Rev. 1232

             (1985) (using an economic approach), with George P. Fletcher, Criminal Theory in the Twentieth Century, 2 Theoretical Inquiries L.

             265 (2001) (adopting a philosophical approach).